Scientific Background

Coenzyme Q10 is a naturally occurring compound essential for cellular energy production in mitochondria. Research has extensively studied CoQ10's role in male physiology, particularly in tissues with high energy demands. Scientific literature documents CoQ10's presence in male reproductive tissues and its involvement in cellular energy metabolism.

Function

CoQ10 contributes to normal energy metabolism and provides antioxidant protection for cells. Studies have investigated its biochemical role in cellular processes and energy production pathways.

Research & Clinical Context†

†CoQ10 does not have an authorised EU health claim. The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

CoQ10 has been investigated in clinical studies assessing its potential influence on sperm quality.

• A double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 212 infertile men found that 300mg daily CoQ10 for 26 weeks resulted in positive changes to sperm density and motility. A subsequent trial with 228 men using the reduced form of CoQ10 at 200mg daily also noted improvements in sperm and motility.
• A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 3,819 patients across multiple studies found overall positive trends in sperm motility and other parameters.

Scientific Background

L-Carnitine is essential for fatty acid metabolism and energy production, particularly in tissues with high energy demands. Research has documented L-Carnitine's presence in male reproductive tissues and its role in cellular energy metabolism.

Function

L-Carnitine supports normal fatty acid metabolism and cellular energy production. It plays a crucial role in mitochondrial function and energy generation processes.

Research & Clinical Context†

†L-Carnitine does not have an authorised EU health claim. The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

• A large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 175 men assessed daily L-Carnitine supplementation for six months, reporting changes in sperm motility, vitality, and volume, along with reductions in DNA fragmentation.
• Multiple studies have examined L-Carnitine over periods of 3–6 months, observing differences in sperm parameters such as motility, concentration, and morphology.

Scientific Background

Lycopene is a powerful carotenoid antioxidant found naturally in tomatoes. Scientific research has investigated lycopene's protective effects against oxidative stress in various tissues, including male reproductive organs. Studies document its accumulation in specific tissues and its antioxidant properties.

Function

Lycopene contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress and supports general antioxidant defense systems throughout the body.

Research & Clinical Context†

†Lycopene does not have an authorised EU health claim. The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

• A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 44 men assessed 25 mg daily lycopene for 12 weeks, reporting changes in sperm count, concentration, and antioxidant capacity.
• Another controlled study involving 60 men observed differences in sperm motility and morphology after supplementation.
• A systematic review summarised trials reporting positive trends in sperm parameters and antioxidant markers.
  

Scientific Background

Zinc is highly concentrated in male reproductive tissues and plays essential roles in cellular processes specific to male physiology. Scientific research demonstrates zinc's involvement in hormone metabolism and cellular development processes.

Function

Zinc contributes to normal fertility and reproduction, and supports the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood. It contributes to the normal function of the immune system and helps protect cells from oxidative stress. Zinc also has a role in the process of cell division.*

*Authorised health claims per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims.

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

Comprehensive research has examined zinc’s role in male reproductive physiology and its relationship with hormone regulation, immune function, and antioxidant defence. Clinical studies have explored zinc supplementation in men, including its impact on serum testosterone, sperm parameters, and immune markers

Scientific Background

Selenium is a trace element essential for antioxidant enzyme function. Research shows selenium is concentrated in male reproductive tissues and plays a vital role in antioxidant defense systems specific to male physiology.

Function

Selenium contributes to normal spermatogenesis and supports the normal function of the immune system. It contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress and plays a role in the maintenance of normal hair and nails.*

*Authorised health claims per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims..

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

• A prospective clinical study with infertile men receiving 200 mcg selenium daily for six months reported changes in sperm concentration, motility, and antioxidant capacity, along with reductions in sperm DNA fragmentation.
• Another large study involving selenium combined with vitamin E for at least 100 days observed differences in sperm morphology, motility, and antioxidant status.

Scientific Background

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cellular membranes from oxidative damage. Scientific literature documents vitamin E's protective role in various tissues, including male reproductive organs.

Function

Vitamin E contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress and supports normal membrane function throughout the body.*

*Authorised health claim per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims.

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

• A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial examining vitamin E supplementation over three months reported changes in sperm motility when using 400 units daily.
• A meta-analysis of 11 studies involving 832 participants found that vitamin E supplementation was associated with differences in multiple sperm parameters, including motility, concentration, morphology, and total count, as well as reported pregnancy rates. Studies combining vitamin E with selenium have also observed notable effects on sperm quality measures.

Scientific Background

Vitamin D₃ receptors are found throughout male reproductive tissues, indicating this vitamin's biological importance in male physiology. Research has extensively studied vitamin D's role in hormone regulation and cellular function in men.

Function

Vitamin D contributes to the normal function of the immune system and supports the maintenance of normal bones and teeth. It has a role in the process of cell division and contributes to normal absorption and utilisation of calcium.*

*Authorised health claims per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims.

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

• A large-scale randomized clinical trial involving 330 men assessed the effects of vitamin D supplementation on reproductive hormone levels, reporting changes in markers related to sperm production.
• A meta-analysis of five trials with 648 men found that supplementation was associated with differences in sperm motility and morphology.

Scientific Background

Folate (the natural form of folic acid) is essential for DNA synthesis and cellular division processes. Research has investigated folate's role in male health, particularly its involvement in cellular development and genetic material synthesis.

Function

Folate contributes to normal amino acid synthesis, normal blood formation, and normal homocysteine metabolism. It has a role in the process of cell division.*

*Authorised health claim per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims.

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

Scientific studies have examined folate status in men and its biological functions. Research reviews document folate's role in cellular processes and DNA synthesis.

Scientific Background

Vitamin B₁₂ is essential for DNA synthesis and cellular metabolism. Scientific research has studied B₁₂'s role in male health, particularly its involvement in cellular development and metabolic processes.

Function

Vitamin B₁₂ contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system, and normal red blood cell formation. It has a role in the process of cell division.*

*Authorised health claims per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims.

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only

A comprehensive systematic review covering studies from 1961 to 2017 evaluated the effects of vitamin B₁₂ supplementation on semen quality. Across the included studies, supplementation was associated with changes in sperm count, motility, and DNA integrity.

Scientific Background

Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble antioxidant in the body and is highly concentrated in various male tissues. Research has extensively studied vitamin C's protective functions and its role in male physiology.

Function

Vitamin C contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress, normal collagen formation, and normal function of the immune system. It increases iron absorption and contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.*

*Authorised health claims per the EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims.

Research & Clinical Context†

†The following is provided for scientific and educational purposes only.

• Clinical research have examined vitamin C supplementation in men, focusing on its antioxidant properties and potential influence on parameters of male reproductive health.
• Scientific reviews documented vitamin C's role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and protective mechanisms in male health.